Technique: Range set up for testing avy beacons

 

How do I test avy beacons, more properly known as avalanche transceivers?
What follows is my range set up, some notes and illustrations for newbies to understand basic terminology and concepts, and my general procedures. From an overall perspective, I’m just going through some predefined motions to test limits. In terms of the real important stuff, reliability and ergonomics are the bigger factors to consider. When I say reliability I don’t mean it will always work, but how well it recognizes, distinguishes, and holds on to the signal(s) it is receiving. As for the latter, there’s no way to test intuitiveness without somebody’s ass being on the line. I give it my best guess based on 20 years explaining these devices.

The Setup

One of the important aspects of testing any product are the conditions it is tested under. With avalanche transceivers it might seem more appropriate to test in snow, on a slope, but all that is really needed is an area that is void of electrical interference.

Electrical background noise

The range used for all beacon tests I write is an undeveloped plot of USFS land near Prosser Lake in Truckee, CA. It is on the edge of a small neighborhood and there is no detectable electrical interference. The closest interference would be the WiFi in our house, a good 20 meters beyond where any victims are positioned, at a much higher frequency.

Physical Characteristics

The range is moderately wooded with fir, Ponderosa and Lodgepole pines. Ground cover is a mix of sage brush, mules ears, and weeds. Even though trees should be transparent at 457 kHhz, my experience says they do affect the response of signals a little bit, but not in a way that wouldn’t be likely in a real avalanche rescue situation.

Orientation based Reception

The range has markers every 5 meters out to 55 meters, with specific trees as the marker at 60 meters and 40 meters. Distances between these markers are estimated and accurate to within +/- 0.5 m. Max range is based on the receiver being oriented so the longest antenna is parallel with the transmitting antenna, which is also called best-coupling range/orientation. Pivoting the receiver 90 degrees yields a poor-coupling position/orientation, and the “minimum” range.

Recording Response

Accuracy is determined by the difference between the actual measured between transmit and receive beacons, and the value displayed by the receiver. One phenomenon observed with all digital beacons is variation in successive displays that show the distance changing, even if the receive beacon is held still. This variation is called “bounce”, for the way the numbers go up and down. The bounce is generally a percentage of the distance away, so the bounce become less evident as you get closer.

Bounce is factored into the overall accuracy rating of an avalanche transceiver. Bounce is determined by recording the train of successive displays on video during a simple single victim, parallel-oriented search path from far to near. This was usually based on a sample of one, so the results are not averaged with many samples and the results are “trusted” to be representative of the beacons typical performance. YMMV.

Signal Detection VS Identification

Each beacon shows minor differences in how they indicate they have confirmed the presence of a signal. They all exhibit a difference between merely sensing a signal, momentarily, and recognizing it in such a way that it is able to consistently update the screen in an ongoing basis with distance and direction. The latter criteria is used to determine a reliable, maximum range, not merely the ability to sense a signal sporadically.

Scenarios

Basic range is determined with a single beacon transmitting parallel with the length of the range. Two-victim scenarios tend to be with a recent model digital beacon and an Ortovox F1. The F1 has a continuous carrier signal, which is noisy. This noisy signal is the most likely to create difficulty for a simple microprocessor driven algorithm to correctly interpret. Two-victim scenarios are tested with the two beacons orthogonal to each other, approx. five meters apart. In the three-victim scenario the F1 is hung vertically, with another, digital beacon added to the mix, oriented about 45° to the parallel-oriented victim. All victims in a three-victim scenario are within an eight meter circle from the dominant victim. Larger distances between victims make searches easier, shorter are more challenging.

Due to the consistency of the range and set up configurations it is possible to review a beacon “solo” but I find it more helpful to run two or three different beacons through the paces so I refresh my memory with the relative differences between them. This makes it much easier to say whether a particular beacon exhibits more “bounce” than another model, has a faster or slower response time, and how well it responds in a multiple victim scenario with regard to marking and/or signal separation.

© 2014